The energy consumption of data centers accounts for approximately 1% of that of the world, the average power usage effectiveness is in the range of 1.4–1.6, and the associated carbon emissions account for approximately 2–4% of the gl. The energy consumption of data centers accounts for approximately 1% of that of the world, the average power usage effectiveness is in the range of 1.4–1.6, and the associated carbon emissions account for approximately 2–4% of the global carbon emissions. To reduce the energy consumption of data centers and promote smart, sustainable, and low-carbo. With the advent of the information age and intelligent technology, demands for the construction of smart cities are increasing (Asif, Sheraz, Khursheed, Musaed, & Nadeem, 2022). Smart cities refer to the use of various intelligent computing technologies in the process of urban planning to make urban infrastructure and services more interconnected, efficient, and intelligent, with the aim of creating a more favorable living environment for human beings (Lai et al., 2020). A data center (DC) is the brain of a smart city; it combines data and intelligent computing technology and can promote the development of a digital society by enabling spatiotemporal visual analysis (Cai, Xing, Deng, & center, 2021). However, in the digital era, problems such as multiple supply chain bottlenecks, global inflation, and unbalanced development c. This section clarifies the research methods and the overall structure of this paper to make the review more logical and clearer.This section analyzes the operational characteristics of DCs from the aspects of concept and structure, development, user traffic load, and computing power, thus paving the way for the analysis of ECER technologies for DCs.DC energy consumption and carbon emissions are increasing as critical facilities for the development of smart cities (Liu, Wei, & Xiao, 2020). As a result, a thorough analysis of the energy consumption characteristics of DCs is the premise of the ECER strategy (He & Shen, 2021). As illustrated in Fig. 7, the majority of DC energy in consumed by IT.
