As the physical entity of the access layer, access switches are responsible to connect both to the distribution layer switches and the end devices as well as ensure the packets are delivered to the end devices. The layer 2 switches collect the data from core switches, identify the type of data packet and the address of the access device. They are characterized by high port density, cost-effectiveness, security features at the edge, and often PoE support. Access switches are known for their low costs and high port density, making them ideal for various application scenarios, such as offices, small equipment rooms. The critical difference between a core, distribution, and access switch lies in its designated role within the three-tier network architecture., computers, printers, and IoT devices, with the broader network infrastructure as its bridge.